Abstract-Extended architecture is effort architect to plot building by applying architecture concept that responsif to climate. Purpose determination significant will potentially direct deep tall its low energy purpose in that building is alone. Bamboo is significant low energy and evident get role in hot transfer reduction and energy on building. At kendari's City extant whiz wall worker of significant bamboo. This research intent to identify and analyses job tools, materials, and trick walls bamboo whiz as significant sustainable by local worker at kendari's City. This observational type is Qualitative with case study approaching. This observational result points out that extended architecture principles on significant bamboo whiz wall which is available, as follows: its job tool is simple so reduce new material purposes, its makings materials come from vegetation so location and natural resources ecosystem get to continue, and trick makes it utilizes manpower so penny wise energy.
Participants of the United Nations Climate Change Summit of 195 countries gathered in Paris. The result of the conference was to issue the Paris Agreement in lieu of the Kyoto Protocol to combat the impacts of climate change imposed post-2020 (Firmansyah, 2015). The Paris Agreement to combat the impacts of climate change is breaking through to all science including architecture. Sustainable architecture is the effort of architects to plan buildings by applying architectural concepts that are responsive to the climate (Budihardjo, (ed)., 2009). Sustainable architecture contains several principles, namely energy saving, local coordination of climate and natural energy sources, reducing the use of new materials, sustainability of location ecosystems and natural resources, and health of building users (Harysakti & Soleh, 2014).
Sustainable building is still a chore for architects such as, as follows: 1) Traditional buildings that contain local wisdom values that are in harmony, sustainability, and harmony with the environment have tended to fade (Titisari, et al., 2012); 2) Architects in designing dwellings do not consider the influence of the local climate causing us to present additional energy (Prianto, 2007); and 3) Our architects are still passionate and virtuous in designing buildings that are sustainable and environmentally friendly in terms of construction and material use (Harysakti & Soleh, 2014).
The determination of the use of materials will have immediate potential in the high and low energy use in the building itself. The use of insulation from local materials such as bamboo can reduce the effect of heat on buildings thereby reducing energy consumption. Bamboo is a low-energy material and has been proven to play a role in reducing heat and energy transfer in buildings (Budihardjo, (ed)., 2009). In Kendari City, there are still woven wall craftsmen from bamboo materials. The demand for bamboo material as a wall material by the local people of Kendari tends to still exist. This study aims to identify and examine work tools, materials, and how to make bamboo woven walls as a sustainable material by local craftsmen in Kendari City.
LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Previous Research on Bamboo Wicker Walls
Muliawan (2014) with the title of the research, namely the Application of Bamboo Technology as a Wall of Penglipuran Village, Bangli Regency. The purpose of this study is to identify and study bamboo material as a filler material on the wall through cement bamboo technology. This type of research is qualitative with a case study approach. The result of this study is the application of cement bamboo as an economical and sustainable wall material.
Trianingsih and Hidayah (2014) with the title of research, namely Comparative Study of the Effectiveness of Bamboo and Brick Materials as Wall Construction. The purpose of this study is to present a comparison of the effectiveness of bamboo and brick materials as wall construction. The method used in writing this paper is by reviewing literature related to wormwood and brick materials as wall construction. The result of this study is that plaster bamboo is a wall constituent material that has advantages compared to bricks in aspects of: a) The physical and mechanical properties of plaster bamboo are more flexible than bricks; b) The volume of plaster bamboo i.e. lighter than brick; c) The U-value of plaster bamboo is relatively lower than that of bricks; d) The price of plaster bamboo is more economical than bricks.
Dewi (2001) with the title of the study is The Physical-Mechanical Properties of Ampelous Bamboo Cement Board (Bombusa vulgaris Schrad): The Effect of Soaking Solution and Cement Content. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical-mechanical properties of Ampel bamboo particle cement boards due to differences in the treatment of soaking solutions and water content. The methods used in this study are preliminary research, particle making, particle immersion, board sheet making, conditioning, test sample making, and testing the physical-mechanical properties of boards. The result of this study is that the hydration temperature measurement shows that Ampel bamboo is well classified as a raw material in the manufacture of particle cement boards.
B. Bamboo as a Sustainable Building Material
Nature and environmental conservation is closely related to the implementation of sustainable architecture and the selection of building materials is the basis for realizing it. Indonesia is a country that is very abundant about the diversity of building materials. In Indonesia, there have not been many innovations about the application of materials such as bamboo (Cahyono, et al., 2015). In this world, energy waste is found in buildings and their construction processes.
This encourages planners and designers to be able to produce a sustainable work. The solution to this problem is through the locality of our country, namely bamboo (Muliawan, 2014). Bamboo as a natural, versatile, and renewable material is known as one of the materials for sustainable building. However, its modern use for sustainable buildings is still very little (Harysakti & Soleh, 2014). Bamboo wicker walls allow air to pass through them so that energy consumption and occupancy are very efficient environmentally friendly. Sustainable buildings are energy efficient buildings (Wahyudi, 2013).
Based on the description above, it can be concluded that bamboo is a sustainable building material.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This type of research is qualitative with a case study approach. The architectural object under study is bamboo wicker walls against manufacturing materials, work equipment, and manufacturing methods with sustainable architectural principles. Data obtained by observation in the field and in-depth discussion of bamboo woven wall craftsmen. The analytical technique used in this study is a narrative descriptive analysis technique of manufacturing materials, work equipment, and manufacturing methods.
RESULTS OF RESEARCH AND DISCUSSION
This bamboo wood handicraft business is located on Jalan La Ode Hadi By Pass, Bungguya Village, Wuawua District, Kendari City. This bamboo wood handicraft business belongs to Mr. Sapri. Mr. Sapri has been in this business since 1980. Mr. Sapri runs this business assisted by his mantu named Mr. Mahmud Yasin. In this business, Mr. Sapri not only sells bamboo wicker walls but also sells woven walls made of sago stalk skin, broomsticks, ijuk brooms, ceiling brooms, chicken cages, bamboo curtains, holy hosts, ayu fence gates, greening baskets, and chicken coops that use nails.
Mr. Sapri in making his products prioritizes the best-selling goods on the market. The best-selling items on the market are broomsticks and ijuk brooms. Bamboo wicker walls are made when there is demand from consumers. If there is no demand from consumers, Mr. Sapri does not make bamboo woven walls. There are two ways in making bamboo woven walls. The first way is by being hit. Meanwhile, the second way is by diirat. The method of making bamboo matting walls that the author researched is by diirat. The way the bamboo wicker wall is made is more aesthetically pleasing than the way it is hit. Work tools, materials, and how to make woven bamboo walls, as follows:
A. Work Tools To Make Bamboo Wicker Walls
The working tools for creating bamboo matting walls are in the figure (1), as follows: 1) A sharp and long machete. The function of the machete is to split bamboo wood; 2) A sharp saw. The function of the saw is to cut part of the bamboo wood segment. The segments are located at each end of the bamboo wood; 3) Hammer. The function of the hammer is to tidy up and tighten the woven bamboo wood so that it is aesthetically pleasing; 4) Meter. The function of the meter is to measure bamboo wood in order to get the right size so that no material is wasted.
B. Materials for Making Bamboo Wicker Walls
The material for making bamboo wood wicker walls, is in figure (2). The bamboo wood used, as follows: 1) The color of the bamboo wood is dark green; 2) The length of bamboo wood is 4.20 m and 6.20 m; 3) The selected bamboo wood is thin because it is easy to form and stronger.
C. How to Make Bamboo Wicker Walls
1) The Process of Choosing Bamboo
The principle of choosing bamboo wood is to minimize the remaining materials. If the length of the wood is 4.20 m, the size of 20 cm is not used while the size of 4.00 m is used as a material for wall webbing. The selected bamboo wood must be slightly fat so that the results of woven walls produce a large amount. The shape of bamboo wood that is not fat can also be used as a material for wall matting but the woven yield is small. Mr. Sapri bought bamboo logs from the Wolasi, Nangananga, Landono, and Konda areas. The bamboo wood from the Wolasi area is better than other areas. The characteristics of a good bamboo wood are, as follows: a) The bamboo wood is not shaded on the inside. If the bamboo wood is watery on the inside, the bamboo wood will be black so that the wicker is not aesthetic;
b) The best shape of bamboo wood is a thin shape because this shape when exposed to sunlight, the segments are hard quickly. The thick shape of bamboo wood is not good for woven because the shape is mushy. Mushy bamboo wood is susceptible to insects; c) The age of bamboo wood that can be used as a material for weaving 1-1.5 years. The length of bamboo wood is varied. The length of bamboo wood is 4.20 m; 6.20 m; and 7.00 m. The length of the wood is often used for materials to make bamboo woven walls. The price of one open cup carry car ret is Rp. 600.000,- (six hundred thousand rupiah) with the amount of 200 (two hundred) sticks; and d) The color of bamboo wood is green and yellow. Bamboo wood of green and yellow colors is best used as a wicker material. Green bamboo wood is easy to break down so it is good as a bamboo wicker wall material made by beating.
2) The Process of Cutting Internodes from Bamboo Wood
Bamboo wood is cut into segments. Internodes are cut by means of a sawing tool. The internodes are located at the bottom of the bamboo wood. The purpose of cutting this segment is to make it easier for workers to grind.
3) The Process of Measuring Bamboo Wood and Cleaning the Remaining Bamboo Wood Segments
It was in this process that Mr. Sapri benefited. Mr. Sapri in making bamboo matting walls needs to know the length of the bamboo wood to be cut. The length of bamboo wood 4.00 m and the number of bamboo wood 5 sticks is to produce bamboo matting walls with a size of 1.50 m x 1.50 m. The remaining bamboo wood is 1.00 m. The rest of the bamboo wood is not thrown away but for the material to make curtains. The length of bamboo wood 4.50 m and the amount of wood 4 sticks is to produce bamboo matting walls with a size of 1.50 m x 1.10 m. The remaining bamboo wood is 1.40 m and the remaining bamboo wood is not thrown away but to make curtains. The length of bamboo wood 6.00 m is more advantageous to make bamboo woven walls because nothing is wasted. The length of bamboo wood 6.00 m resulting wall size is 2.00 m x 2.00 m. The remaining 6.00 m of wood can be used to make curtains or short bamboo matting walls.
Bamboo wood is cleaned by each segment using a machete tool. After that, bamboo wood is measured using fragments of bamboo wood that have been formed. The bamboo wood that has been formed into bamboo fragments is 1.10 m long and 1.50 m long. The bamboo wood that has been formed into fragments is this as a measuring instrument. Bamboo wicker walls vary in size. The size variation is adjusted to the demand (order) from consumers. The bamboo wicker wall has a size of 1.50 m x 1.50 m; 3.00 m x 2.00 m; and 1.60 m x 1.60 m. Bamboo wicker walls with a size of 1.60 m x 1.60 m are most often sold in this ward. The irat process requires smooth and clean bamboo wood. Bamboo wood is cleaned by each segment using a machete tool. This is done before the bamboo wood is split. The purpose of bamboo wood is cleaned from segments to facilitate the grinding process. The internodes are circular parts and divide the distance in bamboo wood.
4) Bamboo Wood Splitting Process, Weaving Process, and Mammage Process
The process of splitting bamboo wood is, as follows: a) The measured bamboo wood is split into two parts; b) The two bamboo logs that have been split are each subdivided into 7-8 bamboo fragments. So, the total bamboo fragments are sixteen (it is in figure 3a); c) Bamboo wood that has been formed into bamboo fragments is sliced (in figure 3b). Irat is the process of splitting fragments of bamboo wood. How to iron the bamboo fragments is split again into two parts using a machete tool. The result of bamboo wood that has been sliced is the liver and the skin. The heart is the part below of the bamboo bark that is white. The bark is part of the green surface of bamboo wood. Leather and liver are used as a material for woven walls. The thickness of the skin and liver is 0.1 mm.
In the weaving process that needs to be considered, as follows:
- The hose system is a bamboo wicker wall weaving system;
- The posture in weaving is a squatting attitude. A squatting attitude is needed to weave faster;
- The position of the body is adjusted to the webbing;
- At the beginning of the weaving process, the impoundment is formed into an elbow angle of 90°;
- The horizontal weaving process starts from the upper end which then drops to the bottom 20 cm;
- At each edge of the bamboo wicker wall is locked with one stick of bamboo fragments. The bamboo fragments must be a bit hard so that the webbing is not easily exposed;
- The wall sharpening pattern is skin-careful-skin-careful. Bamboo wicker walls are best when using all skins to make them more durable. The liver and skin are worn to make it economical;
- The skin and liver parts are separated;
- The skin and liver are four rows each because it is faster in the weaving process. The amount of skin and liver can be two rows and three rows but it is a bit long in the process of weaving.
The bamboo wall weaving process is, as follows :
- The first shell is arranged vertically above the ground;
- The second skin is arranged horizontally under the first skin;
- The third liver is arranged vertically under the second skin;
- The fourth heart is arranged horizontally under the first skin and the third heart, it is in the picture;
- The fifth heart is arranged horizontally over the first and third skins;
- Then proceed to make a sixth heart. The sixth heart is woven intermittently so that angles are formed;
- The liver and skin are also installed vertically with an alternating system. After the wicker corner has formed and the webbing has come to the end of the bamboo fragments are locked by using a rather hard skin;
- The process of the skin and liver being woven in a horizontal way until it reaches the end;
- In the process of weave it is necessary to be repeatedly hit frequently with a hammer tool. The goal is to keep the skin and liver woven always in a neat and tight state so that it is aesthetically pleasing;
- The final process is to lock the edges of the webbing using a rather hard skin;
- The finished bamboo wicker wall measuring 1.50 m x 1.10 m, is in the picture.
The advantages of bamboo wicker walls are, as follows:
- Bamboo wicker walls do not need to be painted so that they are more unique and artistic. If you want to paint, it is enough to use wall paint;
- The lifespan of bamboo wicker walls is up to decades;
- The bamboo wicker wall is installed using only a rafter block in the middle so that it is effective;
- The newly finished bamboo wicker wall does not need to be dried in direct sunlight but directly displayed;
- Bamboo wicker wall that has just finished the manufacturing process dries quickly;
- The bamboo wicker wall is more waterproof than the wall made of sago stalk skin;
- Bamboo wicker walls can be used as ceiling material and as ampig material;
- Bamboo wicker walls are easy to shape; and
- The price of bamboo wicker walls is economical so that they sell quickly.
Conclusion
This research concluded that the principles of sustainable architecture in bamboo woven wall materials, as follows: the working tools are simple so as to reduce the use of new materials, the materials for making them come from the vegetation grown so that the sustainability of the location ecosystem and natural resources, and how to make it use human labor so that it is energy efficient. The weakness of bamboo wicker walls is that educators from the University and the Kendari City Housing and Settlement Office have not been able to cooperate in empowering bamboo woven walls as sustainable housing building materials for the community.